How to sniff Zigbee traffic #

Sniffing Zigbee traffic can be handy sometimes. E.g. when you want to analyze the commands used by a device.

With CC2531 #

Prerequisites #

1. Flashing the CC2531 stick #

The CC2531 needs to be flashed with a sniffer firmware. Flash the firmware using the instructions from Flashing the CC2531.

Linux #

The firmware is included with PACKET-SNIFFER (not PACKET-SNIFFER-2!). Download PACKET-SNIFFER. As the sniffer firmware is only available in the windows installer we need to extact the hex file. This would require 7zip (p7zip-full or p7zip-plugins package depending on distro)

unzip swrc045z.zip -d PACKET-SNIFFER
7z e PACKET-SNIFFER/Setup_SmartRF_Packet_Sniffer_2.18.0.exe bin/general/firmware/sniffer_fw_cc2531.hex
sudo <path-to>/cc-tool -e -w <path-to>/sniffer_fw_cc2531.hex
Windows (and possibly Ubuntu) #

For Windows this firmware is included with ZBOSS. Register an account and download ZBOSS Sniffer for Windows 64-bit. Included in the ZIP file is the firmware in subfolder hw\CC2531 USB dongle\zboss_sniffer.hex. Please note that ZBOSS is also available for Ubuntu 64-bit.

2. Installing required tools #

Ubuntu / Debian # 
cd /opt
sudo apt-get install -y libusb-1.0-0-dev wireshark
curl -L https://github.com/homewsn/whsniff/archive/v1.3.tar.gz | tar zx
cd whsniff-1.3
make
sudo make install
Windows #

Download and install the latest version of Wireshark. ZBOSS itself is portable and won’t need to be installed.

3. Sniffing traffic #

On Ubuntu / Debian start wireshark with sudo whsniff -c ZIGBEE_CHANNEL_NUMBER | wireshark -k -i -. Note: Depending on your distro and installed packages, this may result in a broken pipe after some time. You will notice that Wireshark has stopped capturing, and attmpeting to resume by clicking the shark fin icon will present you with an error end of file on pipe magic during open, if this happens you may need to start with wireshark -k -i <( path/to/whsniff -c channel_number ) instead. Alternative uses are detailed on the whsniff project page.

For Windows run the ZBOSS executable in gui\zboss_sniffer.exe, enter the path to your Wireshark executable and click on the Start button. For ZBOSS make sure the correct Zigbee channel is set, by default it will sniff on channel 0x0C (12) but the default Zigbee2MQTT channel is 11 (0x0B (11)).

Wireshark will start and log the Zigbee messages. As these messages are encrypted we need to add 2 encryption keys. The first one is the Trust Center link key, which is the same for (almost) every Zigbee network. The second one is the network encryption key (Transport Key).

Add the Trust Center link key by going to to Edit -> Preferences -> Protocols -> ZigBee. Set Security Level to AES-128 Encryption, 32-bit Integrity Protection and click on Edit. Click on + and add 5A:69:67:42:65:65:41:6C:6C:69:61:6E:63:65:30:39 with Byte Order Normal.

NOTE: The Hue bridge uses a different Trust Center link key

Wireshark Trust Center link key

Next we need to figure out the network encryption key (Transport Key). There are two ways to do this:

1) By default, if you haven’t changed network_key in your configuration.yaml this will be 01:03:05:07:09:0B:0D:0F:00:02:04:06:08:0A:0C:0D. If you changed your network_key, then convert each number into its 2-digit hexadecimal value, and combine them all with : between. E.g. [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13] -> 01:03:05:07:09:0B:0D:0F:00:02:04:06:08:0A:0C:0D.

2) If you don’t want to manually translate the numbers, the network encryption key is also exposed when a device joins the network. Pair a new device to the network (or re-pair an existing one) and grab the message where the Info is Device Announcement….. Open the message and expand ZigBee Network Layer Data -> ZigBee Security Header.

3) (Experimental) You can try the code snippet cat /your/configuration.yaml | python3 -c "import sys;print(':'.join([hex(int(entry[1]))[2:] for entry in [line.strip().split(' ') for line in sys.stdin] if len(entry)==2 and str.isdigit(entry[1])]))" if you have python3 installed. This may not always work as it doesn’t really parse the yaml, just extracts the lines ‘looking like keys’ and converts them.

Wireshark network key

Copy the key value, as shown above and go to Edit -> Preferences -> Protocols -> ZigBee -> Edit and add the key with Byte Order Normal.

Now Wireshark is able to decrypt the messages. When e.g. turning on a light you will see a message similar to:

Wireshark packet

Troubleshooting #

With HUSBZB-1 stick #

If you happen to have a spare HUSBZB-1 stick, you can also use this to sniff traffic.

Prerequisites #

1. Install drivers #

Ubuntu #

On linux systems, the HUSBZB-1 stick should work out of the box with no modifications.

Windows #

Found on https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/RSPH6UCG0N3WK/

  1. Download Silicon Labs CP210x drivers (Amazon won’t let me link this, but it should be easy to Google)
  2. Extract drivers to a folder (I’ll use C:\CP210x_Windows_Drivers as an example)
  3. Open Windows Device Manager (Win+X, M)
  4. Right-click on “Other Devices > HubZ ZigBee Com Port” (NOT Z-Wave) and select “Update driver”
  5. Select “Browse my computer for driver software”
  6. Select “Let me pick from a list of available drivers on my computer”
  7. Leave “Show All Devices” selected and click “Next”
  8. Click “Have Disk”
  9. Enter the folder name where you extracted the downloaded drivers: C:\CP210x_Windows_Drivers
  10. Select “Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge” and click “Next”
  11. Windows will prompt that it cannot confirm the device ID, click “Yes” to proceed.
  12. Write down the com port of the ZigBee device, something like COM5 or COM6.
  13. You can find this by going to “Ports (COM & LPT)” in the device manager

2. Installing required tools #

Both Windows and Ubuntu use the same program for sniffing, found https://github.com/zsmartsystems/com.zsmartsystems.zigbee.sniffer. Scroll down to the bottom to download a precompiled jar file.

Ubuntu #

No extra software besides ZigbeeSniffer.jar and Wireshark is needed

Windows #

Download and install https://nmap.org/npcap/ and make sure you select to install the “Npcap Loopback Adapter” when installing. It shouldn’t matter whether or not you use Winpcap compatibility mode.

3. Sniffing traffic #

In a terminal or command line, run java -jar ZigbeeSniffer.jar -baud 57600 -flow hardware -port {PORT}. On Windows, PORT should be replaced by COM5 or whatever you wrote down in step 1. On linux, PORT will be something like /dev/ttyUSB3 or wherever you plugged in your HUSBZB-1 device.

Once you have the application running, you should see it connect to and start sniffing traffic on the network.

After that, open up Wireshark and start capturing on the loopback adapater.

Then, apply a filter udp.port=17754 in order to filter down to only Zigbee traffic.

Lastly, follow the steps of the CC2531 instructions above to set up your encryption keys the same.